By combining the bidirectional reflectivity distribution function (BRDF) with the Monte Carlo (MC) method, a full-link underwater imaging process model was established which comprehensively investigated the influence of water quality, transmission distance and target characteristics on imaging performance.
#Specular reflection software#
This study is based on the use of a confocal optical microscope and a SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), which allow surface morphology to be studied at the micro/nano scale and the measurements are analyzed with special imaging and three-dimensional scanning software that allows the precise measurement of morphological parameters of the standard ISO-25178.Īttenuation of the laser beam in underwater transmission and detection due to absorption and scattering results in a rapid reduction in energy and blurring of the image. Furthermore, in this work an analytical relationship between the hybrid parameters Sdq and Sdr defined in the ISO-25718 standard is also proposed, valid for many surfaces of general use. These surfaces have been subjected to different etching treatments performed with different chemicals, which can radically modify the morphology of the surface, making it more or less suitable according to the industrial purposes sought.
#Specular reflection iso#
In this regard, this work is intended demonstrate how it is possible to characterize different surfaces in ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) and PC-ABS (Pol圜arbonate/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) through a set of morphological parameters defined according to the ISO 25178 standard. In the automotive industry, the measurement, control and reproducibility of certain morphological characteristics of surfaces are important to characterize, qualify, certify and optimize different physical properties, such as the degree of wear, the degree of adhesion by adhesives, glues or paints and optical properties. In summary, this method can effectively eliminate specular interference and improve the detection accuracy of vegetation health condition. ) = 0.899, RMSE=6.16), highlighting the potential of NRSVI in eliminating specular reflection interference and identifying vegetation health condition. It was observed that NSRVI was well correlated with SPAD (coefficient of determination (R The results show that SR and NDVI have the highest sensitivity to specular reflection, and the other three methods can alleviate the adverse effects of specular reflection to varying degrees. Correlation analysis was done on Relative Chlorophyll content (SPAD), SR, NDVI, mSR, mNDVI, pSR, pNDVI and NSRVI to understand their potential ability to eliminate specular interference. ) and NSRVI) were established, and the impact of specular reflection on vegetation health detection was evaluated. Based on previous studies, several vegetation indices (Simple ratio index (SR), Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) mSR, mNDVI (ref. In this article, to eliminate the interference of specular reflection in vegetation remote sensing, a polarized multispectral imaging system (PMSIS) used in the different-light-level situation to observe vegetation was developed, and a new specular reflection removal vegetation index (NSRVI) was proposed to better detect the vegetation health condition under specular reflection interference.
However, the monitored information is often interfered by leaf specular reflection, resulting in reduced accuracy of chlorophyll content inversion. Monitoring chlorophyll content changes in the plant via remote sensing is of great significance for understanding plant growth, monitoring vegetation pests and diseases, which is an important method to study the global climate change.
The model thus affords a rational explanation for the off-specular peak phenomenon in terms of mutual masking and shadowing of mirror-like, specularly reflecting surface facets. Moreover, the analysis successfully predicts the off-specular maxima in the reflection distribution which are observed experimentally and which emerge as the incidence angle increases. The angular distributions of reflected flux predicted by the analysis are in very good agreement with experiment for both metallic and nonmetallic surfaces. The effects of shadowing and masking of facets by adjacent facets are included in the analysis.
#Specular reflection plus#
Specular reflection from these facets plus a diffuse component due to multiple reflections and/or internal scattering are postulated as the basic mechanisms of the reflection process. The analytical model assumes that the surface consists of small, randomly disposed, mirror-like facets. The directional distribution of radiant flux reflected from roughened surfaces is analyzed on the basis of geometrical optics.
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